Magnetic Nanomaterials: Advanced Tools for Cartilage Extracellular Matrix Regeneration

After decades of basic, translational, and clinical research, cartilage regeneration therapies are still anticipated to impact the landscape consistently. However, biological joint resurfacing functional, integrated capable wholly permanently restoring function is unavailable. Albeit structurally relatively simple, extracellular matrix has a complex in organ biomechanics, developmental processes, adult life tissue turnover, repair, disease, aging. The intricated cross-talk matrix-cellular component its bidirectional role maintaining homeostasis only beginning be elucidated. Magnetic responsive nanomaterials (MNMs) have proven versatile tools for drug delivery, scaffold fabrication, alignment, orienting cell distribution fate. Due their responsiveness an applied magnetic field, MNMs can remotely actuated positioning, or delivery touchless mechanical stimulation. In addition, possess excellent biocompatibility degradable through cellular iron storage metabolic pathways. Current directions using augment engineering that recommends them as essential fabricating bio-functional grafts presented discussed.